长江流域生态修复工程的意义及对策

长江流域幅员辽阔 ,自然条件优越 ,水土保持生态建设已引起全社会各界的高度重视。充分发挥生态的修复能力 ,大面积迅速恢复植被和改善生态系统 ,正是顺应时代要求 ,从根本上解决长江流域水土流失防治步伐缓慢这一重大问题的最为有效途径。长江流域大部分地区雨量充沛 ,气候温和 ,植被类型繁多 ,大部分地区植物可全年生长 ,十分有利于植物的繁衍和生态的自我修复。多年的实践表明 ,发挥生态自我修复能力的主要对策是全面规划 ,采取科学的退耕还林、还草 ,实行封禁治理 ,合理解决好农村燃料、饲料和木材等问题 ,积极营造适应生态修复的外部环境和条件     

小江流域土壤抗冲性实验研究

采用原状土冲刷法,对小江流域土壤抗冲性进行测试研究,结果表明:小江流域水稻土的抗冲性最大,棕壤其次,红壤、紫色土和褐红壤抗冲性最小;小江流域草地的抗冲性最大,耕地和灌丛地其次,裸坡最小;小江流域土壤的抗冲性大小与土壤中>2mm或<0.002mm的颗粒含量有较大关系。     

太湖地区地表水氮污染源的评论

The nitrogen （N） pollution status of the 12 most important rivers in Changshu, Taihu Lake region was investigated. Water samples were collected from depths of 0.5-1.0 m with the aid of the global positioning system （GPS）. The seasonal variations in the concentrations of different N components in the rivers were measured. Using tension-free monolith lysimeters and ^15N-labeled fertilizer, field experiments were carried out in this region to determine variations of iSN abundance of NO3^- in the leachate during the rice and wheat growing seasons, respectively. Results showed that the main source of N pollution of surface waters in the Taihu Lake region was not the N fertilizer applied in the farmland but the urban domestic sewage and rural human and animal excreta directly discharged into the water bodies without treatment. Atmospheric dry and wet N deposition was another evident source of N pollutant of the surface waters. In conclusion, it would not be correct to attribute the N applied to farmlands as the source of N pollution of the surface waters in this region.     

鄱阳湖湿地生态系统功能评价及其利用保护对策

鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区位于中国第一大淡水湖———鄱阳湖西北角,是生物多样性非常丰富的国际重要湿地。保护区总面积22400hm2,栖息的鸟类有310种,数量多达数100000只。论述了鄱阳湖湿地的生物多样性,对其功能进行了综合概述和评价,针对其面临的主要生态问题,提出了相应的合理利用和保护对策。     

三工河流域景观格局的形成与环境分异特征

景观格局是地貌格局、土壤格局、水资源格局、植物分布格局及生产力格局等的综合。从景观生态学的角度分析了三工河流域景观格局的形成、分布及其环境分异特征 ,讨论了景观格局与环境分异的相互关系 ,最后阐明了三工河流域山地、绿洲和荒漠景观格局的形成及所处的环境特征。     

流域侵蚀产沙物理成因模型评述

回顾了国内外流域侵蚀产沙模型的发展过程 ,对各类产流产沙模型的特点进行了比较。介绍了物理成因模型的概念及当前研究工作中存在的问题     

环太湖耕地利用变化与驱动机制研究——以苏州市吴中区为例

以环太湖苏州市吴中区为样区,利用统计资料、遥感数据和典型调查数据,结合RS和GIS技术,分析18年来耕地利用变化特点与驱动机制。结果表明:研究区耕地年递减率为1.6%,表现出以水域和各类非农建设用地大量占用耕地为突出特点的区域土地动态变化特征;耕地数量变化与区位和地形有关;种植业对耕地利用强度出现波动下降趋势,作物生产由粮食作物生产为主转化为粮食与经济作物生产并重;其变化机制主要是经济发展、人口增长、农业结构调整和政策因素驱动。最后,并在此基础上提出相关建议。     

石羊河流域河流系统生态环境需水量概算

通过探讨流域生态环境需水量概念及分析方法,概算了石羊河流域河流基础生态环境需水量、河流输沙需水量、流域湖泊湿地生态环境需水量和下游地下水合理补给需水量。结果表明:石羊河流域河流系统基础生态环境需水量为2.458 6×108m3,约占流域地表水资源来水量的16.93%;输沙需水量为5.30×108m3;流域湖泊湿地需水量为1.53×108m3,下游地下水补给需水量为1.758 6×108m3。生态环境需水量整合后,适宜的生态需水量约占水资源总量的36.49%~48.60%。     

First data on the coastal dynamics and the sedimentary characteristics of the area influenced by the River Irminio basin (SE Sicily)

The various lithological outcrops in the drainage basin of the River Irminio are described for their contribution to the riverborne material and therefore to the sedimentary balance of the coastal strip. The main contribution to the present sedimentary balance of the subaqueous delta cannot be attributed to the River Irminio, owing to the extreme difference between fluvial and marine sediments. The river's hydraulic characteristics have not always been constant but have tended to decrease in three stages: the first, with a strong competence, shown by the Quaternary alluvial sediments with pebbles; the second, up to 1985, of medium competence, shown by sandy-gravelly deposits in the coastal strip and by finer sediments in the distal areas; the third, at the present day, with low competence, shown by a prevalently suspended load sediment with practically no fluvial influence and with a sedimentation dominated by the littoral currents; this is because between the 1960s and 1970s, owing to interventions along the river channel, the sediments from the basin were reduced to the point of non-existence and a new sedimentary cycle was set up on the delta with allochthonous sediments, exclusively made up of quartz clasts, whereas in the distal zones the mineralogical and compositional characteristics of the ancient river mouth were maintained.     

洞庭湖区不同土地利用方式耕作土壤氮素含量与循环

通过对洞庭湖典型地区的密集采样分析和农户调查,研究了4种利用方式耕作土壤全N、微生物生物量氮(MB-N)含量、两者关系和N素循环特征。结果表明:耕作土壤全N、MB-N含量平均值为3.00±0.48g/kg和101.4±49.2mg/kg。双季稻、一季稻、水田旱作和旱地全N平均含量依次为3.12±0.40g/kg、3.03±0.39g/kg、2.79±0.43g/kg2、.10±0.46g/kg。4种利用方式的MB-N含量分别为124.0±56.6mg/kg、96.4±39.2mg/kg、108.0±48.6mg/kg、75.2±30.5mg/kg。除水田旱作外,MB-N与全N之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。土壤N素盈余量依次为双季稻(105.0kg/hm2.a)>一季稻(75.1kg/hm2.a)>水田旱作油菜(64.5kg/hm2.a)>旱地苎麻(51.9kg/hm2.a)。